Practicing engineers and scientists say they spend half of their time writing memos and reports. This attitude show a naive faith in the competency of their secretaries. College students going into business think; their secretaries will do their writing for them. Many of we foolishly object to taking courses in writing. Students going into the technical or scientific fields may think that writing is something they seldom have to do. young business people seldomly have private Secretaries. Our notion that only poets and novelist has to write is unrealistic. Other things being equal a Person in any field who can express ideas clearly are sure to succeed
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Make a summary of not more than 120 words, describing the emergence of paper money used widely today. |
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Buying things today is so simple. Just enter a shop, say a book store, choose the desired book and pay for it. Long ago, before the invention of money, how did people trade? The most primitive way of exchange should be the barter trade. In this form of transaction, people used goods to exchange for the things that they had in mind. For instance, if person A wanted a book and he had a spare goat, he must look for someone who had the exact opposite, that is, that someone, say person B, must have a spare book of person A's choice and is also in need of a goat. Having found such a person, the problem does not end here. A big goat may worth not only one book, hence person B may have to offer person A something else, say five chickens. However, he runs the risk of person A rejecting the offer as he may not need the chickens. The above example clearly illustrates the inefficiency of barter trading. Many years later, the cumbersome barter trade finally gave way to the monetary form of exchange when the idea of money was invented. In the early days, almost anything could qualify as money: beads, shells and even fishing hooks. Then in a region near Turkey, gold coins were used as money. In the beginning, each coin had a different denomination. It was only later, in about 700 BC, that Gyges, the king of Lydia, standardized the value of each coin and even printed his name on the coins. Monetary means of transaction at first beat the traditional barter trade. However, as time went by, the thought of carrying a ponderous pouch of coins for shopping appeared not only troublesome but thieves attracting. Hence, the Greek and Roman traders who bought goods from people faraway cities, invented checks to solve the problem. Not only are paper checks easy to carry around, they discouraged robbery as these checks can only be used by the person whose name is printed on the notes. Following this idea, banks later issued notes in exchange for gold deposited with them. These bank notes can then be used as cash. Finally, governments of today adopted the idea and began to print paper money, backed by gold for the country's use. Today, besides enjoying the convenience of using paper notes as the mode of exchange, technology has led man to invent other means of transaction too like the credit and cash cards. |
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Larry suddenly woke up from a deep sleep. The sun was dazzling his half-open eyes and he couldn’t figure out what time it was. The door to his room was closed the house was immersed in some sort of reckless silence. He slowly get out of his bed and approached the bench right next to the window. For a moment, He thought, he heard a tapping sound coming from the attic. Then again he heard the sound, only this time it seemed to be somewhat closer. He looked outside the window and saw a man going by the left side of the road. On seeing Larry the man approached his garden’s fence and whistled. At this point, Larry recognized nick and waved his hand. He quickly got dressed and was about the get down to open the gate, but he again heard someone murmuring in the other part of the house. Larry decided to go to the attic and see what was causing this, now buzzing, sound. He got to the second floor of his house and looked toward the attic. He quickly open its door and looked inside. nothing was found. He was about to turned back and attend to his guest when he, suddenly, slipped on the stairs and fell. He called out to Nick to help him got up
دانشجویان ارشد درس تهیه و تدوین مطالب درسی به نکات زیر توجه نمایید:
1. نوع و اندازه فونت قابل استفاده برای متن درس: Times New Roman 12
2. نوع و اندازه فونت قابل استفاده برای عنوان unit: Times New Roman 16
3. نوع و اندازه فونت قابل استفاده برای subtitles: Times New Roman 14
4. فاصله بین خطوط: 1.15
5. تمامی متون باید از دو طرف justify شوند.
6. استفاده از عکس و لوگو بلامانع است به شرطی که باعث عدم توجه به متن اصلی نشود.
7. هر دو unit باید شامل 4 مهارت اصلی( Macro) و 2 مهارت Micro باشند.
8. ترتیب هر کدام از مهارت ها به عهده خود دانشجو می باشد.
9. در همه مهارت ها به جز writing and speaking حداقل از سه نوع task استفاده شود..
10. از warm-up در مهارت هایی که امکان پذیر است استفاده شود.
11. متن readingها باید برای سطح intermediate با توجه به استانداردهای موجود انتخاب شوند.
12. تعداد کلمات reading ها باید بین 700-400 لغت باشد.
13. در انتهای هر unit توصیه میشود یک صفحه برای self-assessment and teacher-assessment در نظر گرفته شود.
14. پس از انجام پروژه حتما فایلDocument PDF, MP3, به صورت CD و یا به ایمیل panteapahlavani@yahoo.com ارسال گردد.